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Environmental assessment of pre-carbonization of battery negative electrode materials

Environmental assessment of pre-carbonization of battery negative electrode materials

Crep-Grid Power Systems provides advanced energy storage, modular UPS, lithium battery cabinets, microgrid solutions for data centers and critical infrastructure.

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Boosting the performance of soft carbon negative electrode for

Superior rate capability is a game-changer for an electrode material, enabling the use of thick electrodes and hence compensating the moderate specific capacity at the full-cell level by reduced dead weight/volume (e.g., the mass/volume of the active material which does not participate in the electrochemical response) .A nice example is LIB technology based on

Jul 28, 2025
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Use of Hydrothermal Carbonization to Improve the Performance

In this study, biomass waste (spent coffee grounds, sunflower seed shells and rose stems) was investigated as potential material for hard carbon preparation combining a two-step method consisting of on hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), to remove the inorganic impurities and increase the carbon content, and a subsequent pyrolysis process.

Jul 16, 2025
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A Review of Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium

Using this framework, this paper presents a life cycle based environmental-economic assessment, comparing Na-ion coin cells (Ti1Al1TiC1.85 MXene as anode material)

Dec 07, 2025
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Environmental life cycle assessment of supercapacitor

Porous carbon aerogel material has gained an increasing attraction for developing supercapacitor electrodes due to its cost-effective synthesis process and relatively high electrochemical performance.

May 25, 2026
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The impact of templating and macropores in hard carbons on their

The impact of templating and macropores in hard carbons on their properties as negative electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries†. Sofiia Prykhodska a, Konstantin Schutjajew a, Erik Troschke a, Leonid Kaberov bc, Jonas Eichhorn bc, Felix H. Schacher bcde, Francesco Walenszus f, Daniel Werner g and Martin Oschatz * ade a Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena,

Feb 14, 2026
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Design of Electrodes and Electrolytes for Silicon‐Based Anode

Due to the volume expansion of Si material when embedded with lithium, there is a risk of loss of active material on the electrode and destruction of surface SEI film, resulting in continuous electrolyte decomposition. Finally, the active Li + in the battery is consumed. In addition to improving the structure of Si/C and using new binders to

May 19, 2026
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Environmental Impact Assessment in the Entire Life Cycle of

A life cycle assessment aims to assess the quantifiable environmental impacts of a battery, from the mining of its constituent materials required to the treatment of these batteries at the end-of-life stage, i.e., from the cradle to the grave (Meshram et al. 2019). The methodology consists of a complete assessment of natural resources consumption, energy required, and

Jun 22, 2026
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Research progress on carbon materials as negative

Carbon materials represent one of the most promising candidates for negative electrode materials of sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs). This review focuses on the research progres...

Mar 05, 2026
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Valorization of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for

During the long period of charge and discharge, a large number of Li vacancy defects are generated, which not only oxidize Fe 2+ to Fe 3+, but also induce the migration of partial Fe 2+ to the Li site, forming the so-called "anti-site" defects, which has a negative effect on Li + diffusion, accompanied by the failure of the cathode of the LFP battery. Additionally, the

Jul 06, 2026
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Perspectives on environmental and cost assessment of lithium

Using a lithium metal negative electrode may give lithium metal batteries (LMBs), higher specific energy density and an environmentally more benign chemistry than Li-ion

May 31, 2026
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Environmental life cycle assessment of supercapacitor electrode

Porous carbon aerogel material has gained an increasing attraction for developing supercapacitor electrodes due to its cost-effective synthesis process and relatively high electrochemical performance. However, the environmental performances of supercapacitor electrodes produced from different carbon aerogel materials are never comparatively studied,

Jul 09, 2025
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable Sodium

characterization and multi-scale modeling. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of hydrothermal pre-treatment and subsequent carbonization are evaluated using life cycle

Oct 12, 2025
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Carbon Hybrids Graphite-Hard Carbon and Graphite-Coke as Negative

The subsequent environmental assessment then quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the different hard carbon materials and their potential for further improving the environmental

Apr 09, 2026
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Comprehensive assessment of carbon emissions and

The results showed that the use of recycled materials in battery manufacturing would reduce environmental damage (Dai et al., 2019). calculated the total energy use,

Aug 09, 2025
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High-capacity, fast-charging and long-life magnesium/black

Uneven Mg plating behaviour at the negative electrode leads to high plating overpotential and short cycle life. Here, to circumvent these issues, authors report the preparation of a magnesium

Nov 28, 2025
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A bottom-up framework to investigate environmental and techno

Battery technology represents a complex system with numerous parameters, considerations, and dependencies, posing challenges in regulating environmental, economic, and technological aspects (Turetskyy et al., 2020).An environmental study reveals that the impact of Li-ion batteries in the production phase remains higher than that of lead-acid batteries (Fan et

Nov 28, 2025
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Biomass-derived hard carbon material for high-capacity sodium

Under the optimized conditions of carbonization temperature and pre-carbonization strategy, the OSHC-Air electrode exhibits excellent sodium storage capacity with 87 % capacity remaining after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g −1. The assembled PB//OSHC-Air sodium-ion full cell exhibits a high capacity of 216 mAh g −1. Our research provides a

Jan 16, 2026
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The quest for negative electrode materials for Supercapacitors:

2D materials have been studied since 2004, after the discovery of graphene, and the number of research papers based on the 2D materials for the negative electrode of SCs published per year from 2011 to 2022 is presented in Fig. 4. as per reported by the Web of Science with the keywords “2D negative electrode for supercapacitors” and “2D anode for

Apr 03, 2026
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The impact of templating and macropores in hard

Non-graphitizing (“hard”) carbons are widely investigated as negative electrode materials due to their high sodium storage capacity close to the potential of Na/Na +, excellent safety, and simple synthesis pathways from abundant resources.

Jun 27, 2026
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(PDF) Electrode materials derived from plastic wastes and other

The present review not only devotes on the environmental consequences of plastic bag wastes and other industrial wastes observable in the landfills, in the oceans or elsewhere but also gives a new

Apr 17, 2026
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Coupled Carbonization Strategy toward Advanced Hard Carbon

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to be a promising commercial alternative to lithium-ion batteries for grid electricity storage due to their potential low cost in the near future. Up to the present, the anode material still remains a great challenge for the application of SIBs, especially at room temperature. Graphite has an obvious limitation to store

Dec 16, 2025
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Use of Hydrothermal Carbonization to Improve the Performance

material is restricting the commercialization of SIBs. Graphite is one of the most common negative electrodes used in LIBs due to its high theoretical capacity (372 mAh g 1), however it is electrochemically disfavored in SIBs as a consequence of sodium''s large ionic radius (1,02 Å compared to 0,76 Å for Li).

Nov 11, 2025
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable Sodium

characterization and multi-scale modeling. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of hydrothermal pre-treatment and subsequent carbonization are evaluated using life cycle assessment compared to direct carbonization. By comparing hard carbon anodes with and without the hydrothermal pre-

Mar 20, 2026
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable Sodium

Here, the hydrothermal carbonization process is employed as a versatile pre-treatment method of renewable precursors, followed by high-temperature carbonization, for producing advanced hard carbon

Apr 14, 2026
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A review of hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are increasingly being promoted as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion batteries. The substitution of lithium by sodium offers potential advantages under environmental aspects due to its higher abundance and availability. However, sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries cannot rely on graphite for the anodes, requiring amorphous carbon materials (hard

Nov 09, 2025
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A Review of Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium

A first review of hard carbon materials as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries is presented, covering not only the electrochemical performance but also the synthetic methods and

Jan 12, 2026
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable

Furthermore, the environmental impacts of hydrothermal pre-treatment and subsequent carbonization are evaluated using life cycle assessment compared to direct carbonization. By comparing hard carbon anodes with and without the hydrothermal pre-treatment, it is verified that the additional hydrothermal process is responsible for enhanced

Dec 10, 2025
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in

The LCA is innovatively used to quantify the superior sustainability of bio-derived hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries. The hydrothermal carbonization process is shown to pre-stabilize the carbon

Dec 30, 2025
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Perspectives on environmental and cost assessment

PDF | First combined environmental and cost assessment of metal anodes for Li batteries. • Lower cell cost and climate impact for metal anode cells than... | Find, read and cite all the research...

Jul 21, 2025
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Electrode materials derived from plastic wastes and other

The present review article does not only contribute to the environmental concerns of low-value plastic bag wastes (e.g., polyethylene, propylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate) but also propose a forward-looking idea for converting them into high-value supercapacitor-grade carbon materials with high yields via cost-effective technology and

Jan 28, 2026
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Negative electrode materials for high-energy density Li

In the search for high-energy density Li-ion batteries, there are two battery components that must be optimized: cathode and anode. Currently available cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, such as LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NMC) or LiNi 0.8 Co 0.8 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) can provide practical specific capacity values (C sp) of 170–200 mAh g −1, which produces

Aug 09, 2025
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Superior “green” electrode materials for secondary batteries:

There are four main goals of this study: (1) to assess the environmental impact of a series of secondary cathode battery materials considering footprint family scenarios, (2) To

Nov 13, 2025
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The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable

Sodium‐ion batteries as a prospective alternative to lithium‐ion batteries are facing the challenge of developing high‐performance, low‐cost and sustainable anode materials. Hard carbons are appropriate to store sodium ions, but major energy and environmental concerns during their fabrication process (i.e., high‐temperature carbonization) have not been properly assessed.

Oct 31, 2025
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Activated Carbon as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

In today''s technological era, the high rate of consumption of fossil fuel resources not only brings environmental issues but also depleting at a very fast rate [].This motivates the research and development efforts towards an alternating approach for the development of technologies based on sustainable energy [].The energy storage system is one of the most

Nov 22, 2025
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Pre‑carbonization for regulating sucrose-based hard carbon pore

Compared to the biomass-based hard carbon reported in the literatures, the electrochemical performance of SC-450–1300 °C@3 is superior and competitive. Pre

Jun 08, 2026
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Comparison and optimization of biomass-derived hard carbon as

Hard carbon made from biomass-based precursors has many advantages as anode for sodium-ion batteries such as low cost and sustainability. In this work, three different hard carbon materials derived from bamboo, wood and coconut shell with the same particle size are screened, combining acid etching and carbonization at 1200 °C, to compare the sodium ion

Nov 16, 2025
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Carbonization of polysaccharides in FeCl3/BmimCl ionic liquids

Polysaccharide-derived carbonaceous materials were prepared using an ionothermal carbonization approach in iron-containing ionic liquids (i.e. mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Aug 22, 2025
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Surface-Coating Strategies of Si-Negative Electrode Materials in

Silicon (Si) is recognized as a promising candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (~4200 mAh g−1), low working potential (<0.4 V vs. Li/Li+), and abundant reserves. However, several challenges, such as severe volumetric changes (>300%) during lithiation/delithiation, unstable solid–electrolyte interphase

Sep 27, 2025
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6 Frequently Asked Questions about “Environmental assessment of pre-carbonization of battery negative electrode materials”

What materials are used for negative electrodes?

Carbon materials, including graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs).

Can hard carbon anodes be used for sodium ion batteries?

In 2000, Steven and Dahn initially reported the usage of hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

How to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon materials?

For carbon materials, the development of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, and other nanomaterials is one of the effective strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon materials.

What is a lithium metal negative electrode?

Using a lithium metal negative electrode has the promise of both higher specific energy density cells and an environmentally more benign chemistry. One example is that the copper current collector, needed for a LIB, ought to be possible to eliminate, reducing the amount of inactive cell material.

Are carbon materials suitable for negative electrode materials of sibs & PIBS?

Compared with other materials, carbon materials are abundant, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, and have excellent electrochemical properties, which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.

Do hard carbon anodes benefit from hydrothermal pre-treatment?

By comparing hard carbon anodes with and without the hydrothermal pre-treatment, it is verified that the additional hydrothermal process is respon-sible for enhanced electrochemical performance, increased carbon yields and reduced carbon emissions.

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