A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system responsible for monitoring, controlling, and protecting rechargeable battery packs. Abstract Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources' autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon Abstract Energy storage, such as lead acid ies, is necessary for renewable energy batter sources' autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy. Battery packs are assemblies of multiple battery cells arranged and interconnected to serve a specific purpose. These units are pivotal in powering a wide range of modern devices, from the smartphones we carry in our pockets to the laptops on our desks and the electric vehicles on our roads. It collects real-time data from battery cells, analyzes performance parameters, and ensures the battery operates. Battery pack design requires understanding both fundamental electrochemistry and application-specific engineering requirements. Custom battery pack applications have expanded significantly across electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronic devices, each demanding precise. Modern lithium-ion battery cells are characterized by low self-discharge current, high power density, and durability. The BMS monitors and controls the.
